Journal of comparative physiology. B, Biochemical, systemic, and environmental physiologyJun 9, 2025

How constant light or darkness affects the pineal gland's adjustment

Circadian Biology Weekly Brief ↗PubMed ↗DOI ↗

Updated Mar 31, 2026

Abstract

Prolonged exposure to constant lighting resulted in significant changes in pineal physiology in rats.

Rats exposed to constant light (LL) or constant darkness (DD) shifted from a bimodal to a free-running activity pattern.
Serum melatonin levels and gene expression related to melatonin synthesis and adrenergic receptors lost their typical daily patterns under LL and DD.
Core clock genes crucial for pineal rhythmicity showed altered expression, with LL causing a flattening effect and DD shifting the peak expression.
In LL conditions, increased expression of genes linked to mitochondrial function was noted, leading to elevated ATP production.
Conversely, ATP levels decreased in DD conditions.
Principal Component Analysis indicated a close association between circadian clock regulation and mitochondrial function.

Simplified

The pineal gland synchronizes the body's circadian rhythms by producing melatonin in response to changes in the light-dark cycle. Our study evaluated how prolonged exposure to constant lighting (LL) or darkness (DD) affects pineal physiology by monitoring the transcription of genes critical for rhythmic endocrine activity. To achieve this, rats were exposed to LL, DD, or LD (control) from P21 to P90. LL and DD impacted the rats' physiology, as evidenced by the shift from a bimodal voluntary activity pattern to a free-running one. Serum melatonin and the transcription of genes encoding key enzymes involved in melatonin synthesis and adrenergic receptors changed their characteristic diurnal pattern observed in the LD group. The transcription of clock genes important for pineal rhythmicity was disturbed under both LL and DD: LL attenuated or flattened the expression of core clock genes, while DD showed a weaker effect and shifted the peak of expression. In LL, altered expression of clock genes was associated with increased transcription of regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis, and markers of mitophagy and mitochondrial dynamics, resulting in elevated ATP production. Oppositely, in DD conditions, ATP decreased. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed distinct clusters comprising clock and mitochondria-related genes, indicating a close association between the circadian clock and mitochondrial function. These findings suggest that long-term exposure to LL environment poses more significant challenges to the pineal gland than DD. This might be associated with the heightened blood corticosterone levels observed in LL conditions, indicating potential chronobiological stress.

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Declarations. Ethical approval: All the experiments and protocols were approved by the Local Ethical Committee for the Protection of Animals Used for Experimental Purposes at the University of Novi Sad (No. 323-07-0-08975/2019-05), operating under the National Council for Animal Welfare rules and following statements of National Law for Animal Welfare (copyright March 2009). Competing interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted without commercial or financial relationships that could create a conflict of interest.

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How constant light or darkness affects the pineal gland's adjustment

Abstract

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Competing interests

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