Repeated cycles of growth and cartilage signals in fat-derived cell clusters to produce larger, customizable bone through natural bone formation

Cartilage organoids derived from adipose stromal cells can be produced and scaled up to create larger tissue grafts.

• Progenitor cells may enable robust fusion of cartilage organoids, enhancing graft tunability.
• A cyclic approach using alternating chondrogenic and proliferative cues produces cartilage organoids with surrounding stromal progenitors.
• The perichondrial layer formed around the organoids may function as biological cement, facilitating new cartilage tissue formation.
• Scaled-up cartilage tissues can be reused as building blocks for larger constructs.
• In vivo studies indicate that these grafts remodel into functional bone organs over 24 weeks, resembling natural bone development.

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