Adipose tissue aging may contribute to metabolic organ dysfunction, and exercise may counter some of these aging-related changes.
Evidence
This review summarizes transcriptomic and mechanistic evidence on aging-related adipose changes and exercise effects on inflammation, ectopic lipids, adipose browning, thermogenesis, lipid metabolism, , and .
Caveat
The paper is a mechanistic review rather than a clinical trial, so it provides theoretical support rather than direct proof that exercise prevents or treats aging-related disease through adipose tissue.
Simplified
Aging is widely regarded as an irreversible arrest of cellular growth and proliferation, often accompanied by systemic metabolic organ abnormalities, ultimately reducing quality of life and increasing mortality in the elderly. Multi-organ transcriptomic analyses suggest that adipose tissue is among the earliest organs to respond to aging, characterized by changes in fat content and redistribution of adipose tissue, decline in thermogenic adipose function, reduced proliferation and differentiation capacity of adipose progenitor and stem cells, accumulation of senescent cells, and . These alterations may act synergistically and play a role in abnormalities in metabolic organs including the cardiovascular, liver, skeletal muscle, and brain. Studies have demonstrated that exercise ameliorates the effects of adipose tissue aging on metabolic organ abnormalities by inhibiting inflammation, reducing the accumulation of ectopic lipids, enhancing the browning of white adipose tissue and thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue, improving lipid metabolism, regulating the secretion of , and mitigating immunosenescence. This review summarizes the main characteristics of adipose tissue aging, the effects of adipose tissue aging on metabolic organ abnormalities, and the potential mechanisms by which exercise ameliorates the effects of adipose tissue aging on metabolic organ abnormalities. It provides theoretical support for basic and clinical research on exercise-based prevention and treatment of aging-related diseases.
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