Amyloid-β Toxicity and Tau Hyperphosphorylation are Linked Via RCAN1 in Alzheimer's Disease

Aug 31, 2011Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD

RCAN1 links amyloid-beta damage and abnormal tau changes in Alzheimer's disease

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Abstract

Incubation of fetal rat cortical neurons with Aβ peptide results in increased expression of the RCAN1 gene.

Aβ exposure is associated with oxidative stress that leads to upregulation of RCAN1 gene expression.
RCAN1 proteins inhibit the activity of calcineurin, which is responsible for dephosphorylating tau.
Increased RCAN1 expression also promotes the activity of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β), a tau kinase.
The combined effects of RCAN1 inhibition of calcineurin and activation of GSK3β could lead to increased tau phosphorylation.
Primary cortical neurons treated with Aβ show elevated tau phosphorylation that can be reduced by silencing RCAN1 expression or adding antioxidants.
Higher levels of RCAN1 and phospho-tau are observed in lymphocytes from individuals with the ApoE ε4/ε4 genotype, suggesting a potential biomarker for Alzheimer's disease risk.

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Amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) toxicity and tau hyperphosphorylation are hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). How their molecular relationships may affect the etiology, progression, and severity of the disease, however, has not been elucidated. We now report that incubation of fetal rat cortical neurons with Aβ upregulates expression of the Regulator of Calcineurin gene RCAN1, and this is mediated by Aβ-induced oxidative stress. Calcineurin (PPP3CA) is a serine-threonine phosphatase that dephosphorylates tau. RCAN1 proteins inhibit this phosphatase activity of calcineurin. Increased expression of RCAN1 also causes upregulation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β), a tau kinase. Thus, increased RCAN1 expression might be expected to decrease phospho-tau dephosphorylation (via calcineurin inhibition) and increase tau phosphorylation (via increased GSK3β activity). Indeed, we find that incubation of primary cortical neurons with Aβ results in increased phosphorylation of tau, unless RCAN1 gene expression is silenced, or antioxidants are added. Thus we propose a mechanism to link Aβ toxicity and tau hyperphosphorylation in AD: In our hypothesis, Aβ causes mitochondrial oxidative stress and increases production of reactive oxygen species, which result in an upregulation of RCAN1 gene expression. RCAN1 proteins then both inhibit calcineurin and induce expression of GSK3β. Both mechanisms shift tau to a hyperphosphorylated state. We also find that lymphocytes from persons whose ApoE genotype is ε4/ε4 (with high risk of developing AD) show higher levels of RCAN1 and phospho-tau than those carrying the ApoE ε3/ε3 or ε3/ε4 genotypes. Thus upregulation of RCAN1 may be a valuable biomarker for AD risk.

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Amyloid-β Toxicity and Tau Hyperphosphorylation are Linked Via RCAN1 in Alzheimer's Disease

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