The anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects of Korean black ginseng

Jan 23, 2019Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology

Korean black ginseng’s effects on reducing inflammation and pain

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Abstract

Black ginseng (BG), processed five times, exhibited superior anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects compared to red ginseng (RG).

Increased processing of ginseng alters the composition of bioactive compounds.
BG inhibited nitric oxide production to near-basal levels in LPS-stimulated cells without causing cytotoxicity.
Compared to RG, BG showed better inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines such as iNOS, COX-2, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α.
In animal models, BG demonstrated potent anti-inflammatory properties similar to commonly used drugs like dexamethasone and indomethacin.
The enhanced effects of BG are associated with changes in its ginsenoside content resulting from increased processing.

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BACKGROUND: Different processing conditions alter the ginseng bioactive compounds, promoting or reducing its anti-inflammatory effects. We compared black ginseng (BG) - that have been steamed 5 times - with red ginseng (RG).

HYPOTHESIS/ PURPOSE: To compare the anti-inflammatory activities and the anti-nociceptive properties of RG and BG.

METHODS: Nitric Oxide (NO) and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide (MTT) assay, quantitative Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR), western blot, xylene-induced ear edema, carrageenan-induced paw edema RESULTS: The ginsenoside contents were confirmed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and has been altered through increased processing. The highest concentration of these extracts inhibited NO production to near-basal levels in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 without exhibiting cytotoxicity. Pro-inflammatory cytokine expression at the mRNA level was investigated using qRT-PCR. Comparatively, BG exhibited better inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediators, iNOS and COX-2 and pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α. Protein expression was determined using western blot analysis and BG exhibited stronger inhibition. Xylene-induced ear edema model in mice and carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats were carried out and tested with the effects of ginseng as well as dexamethasone and indomethacin - commonly used drugs. BG is a more potent anti-inflammatory agent, possesses anti-nociceptive properties, and has a strong potency comparable to the NSAIDs.

CONCLUSION: BG has more potent anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects due to the change in ginsenoside component with increased processing.

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The anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects of Korean black ginseng

Abstract

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