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Abstract
Biological age markers provide better risk assessment for adult spinal deformity outcomes than chronological age alone.
- Systemic frailty tools predict perioperative morbidity and discharge disposition more accurately than age-based models.
- Muscle and bone assessments can identify patients at higher risk for complications such as implant fracture and pseudarthrosis.
- Artificial intelligence can automate the measurement of osteosarcopenia and help define alignment targets based on individual profiles.
- Combining multidimensional biological age profiles into preoperative planning could lead to more personalized surgical strategies.
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