The Brain-Gut-Microbiome Axis Across the Life Continuum and the Role of Microbes in Maintaining the Balance of Health

Sep 8, 2025Journal of integrative neuroscience

How the Brain, Gut, and Microbes Work Together Throughout Life to Keep Us Healthy

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Abstract

The gut microbiome undergoes significant changes throughout life, influenced by factors such as diet and genetics.

Bidirectional communication between the brain and gut microbiome, known as the brain-gut-microbiome axis, may impact both physical and mental health.
Aging is associated with changes in the gut microbiome that can lead to an imbalance known as dysbiosis, characterized by a reduction in beneficial bacteria.
Dysbiosis may contribute to the development of various health conditions and chronic diseases.
Targeted treatments aimed at modulating the gut microbiome could assist in managing health issues associated with dysbiosis.
Nutritional strategies and the use of gut biotics and microbial metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids, may offer new therapeutic options.

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There is a growing body of evidence that the interaction between various microbial organisms and the human host can affect various physical and even mental health conditions. Bidirectional communication occurs between the brain and the gut microbiome, referred to as the brain-gut-microbiome axis. During aging, changes occur to the gut microbiome due to various events and factors such as the mode of delivery at birth, exposure to medications (e.g., antibiotics), environmental exposures, diet, and host genetics. Connections to the brain-gut-microbiome axis through different systems also change during aging, leading to the development of chronic diseases. Disruption of the gut microbiome, known as dysbiosis, can lead to a reduction in beneficial bacteria and a corresponding increase in more harmful or even pathogenic bacteria. This imbalance may predispose or contribute to the development of various health conditions and illnesses. Targeted treatment of the gut microbiome and the brain-gut-microbiome axis may assist in the overall management of these various ailments. The purpose of this review is to describe the changes that occur in the gut microbiome throughout life, and to highlight the risk factors for microbial dysbiosis. We discuss the different health conditions experienced at various stages of life, and how dysbiosis may contribute to the clinical presentation of these diseases. Modulation of the gut microbiome and the brain-gut-microbiome axis may therefore be beneficial in the management of various ailments. This review also explores how various therapeutics may be used to target the gut microbiome. Gut biotics and microbial metabolites such as short chain fatty acids may serve as additional forms of treatment. Overall, the targeting of gut health may be an important strategy in the treatment of different medical conditions, with nutritional modulation of the brain-gut-microbiome axis also representing a novel strategy.

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The Brain-Gut-Microbiome Axis Across the Life Continuum and the Role of Microbes in Maintaining the Balance of Health

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