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Abstract
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is increasingly prevalent, particularly among individuals with cardiometabolic abnormalities.
- HFpEF is now recognized as a systemic syndrome with diverse clinical phenotypes and multiorgan involvement.
- The transition to cardiometabolic HFpEF is linked to conditions such as obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes.
- Chronic systemic inflammation, driven by visceral fat, is a key feature of cardiometabolic HFpEF.
- Lifestyle changes, including diet and exercise, are essential for managing HFpEF.
- Exercise training combined with or without calorie restriction may improve exercise capacity and quality of life in stable HFpEF patients.
- Beneficial pharmacologic interventions for HFpEF include sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, which provide metabolic protection.
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