Timing of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Treatment: What We Know, Don’t Know, and Disagree About

Emerging data indicate that immune checkpoint inhibitors can exhibit time-of-day-dependent effects in pre-clinical models.

• Multiple retrospective clinical trials associate earlier anti-tumor treatment timing with improved outcomes.
• Key questions regarding the reproducibility of these findings remain unresolved.
• The underlying mechanisms of time-of-day effects on treatment efficacy are not yet fully understood.
• The clinical implications of these findings are still being explored.

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