Curvilinear Dose–Response Relationship of Carbohydrate (0–120 g·h−1) and Performance

Incremental performance improvements of 4.7% were observed at a carbohydrate ingestion rate of 78 g·h(-1).

• Cycling time trial performance is linked to the amount of carbohydrate consumed during endurance exercise.
• Performance improvements were noted at carbohydrate doses of 9, 19, 31, 48, and 78 g·h, showing increasing benefits with higher doses.
• Diminishing returns on performance enhancement were observed at carbohydrate levels exceeding 78 g·h(-1).
• The optimal carbohydrate ingestion rate for endurance performance is associated with a mixture of glucose, fructose, and maltodextrin in a 1:1:1 ratio.

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