Diurnal Timing Dependent Alterations in Gut Microbial Composition Are Synchronously Linked to Salt-Sensitive Hypertension and Renal Damage

May 27, 2020Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979)

Daily Changes in Gut Bacteria Linked to Salt-Related High Blood Pressure and Kidney Damage

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Abstract

Major shifts in gut microbiota composition were observed between night and day, correlating with diurnal rhythms of blood pressure.

Specific groups of gut bacteria showed significant changes in abundance between the dark (active) and light (rest) phases.
The diurnal levels of Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria were independently associated with blood pressure.
Certain bacterial taxa correlated with blood pressure rhythm, dietary salt intake, and dips in blood pressure.
Microbial pathways exhibited diurnal timing effects, with increased biosynthetic processes during active phases and enhanced degradation pathways during resting phases.
Variations in functional pathways related to aromatic amino acid and taurine metabolism were noted in relation to diurnal rhythms.
Changes in gut microbiota, their functional pathways, and blood pressure dips were associated with levels of renal lipocalin 2 and kidney injury molecule-1 expression.

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Alterations of diurnal rhythms of blood pressure (BP) and reshaping of gut microbiota are both independently associated with hypertension. However, the relationships between biorhythms of BP and gut microbial composition are unknown. We hypothesized that diurnal timing-associated alterations of microbial compositions are synchronous with diurnal rhythmicity, dip in BP, and renal function. To test this hypothesis, Dahl salt-sensitive (S) rats on low- and high-salt diets were examined for time of day effects on gut microbiota, BP, and indicators of renal damage. Major shifts in night and day patterns of specific groups of microbiota were observed between the dark (active) and light (rest) phases, which correlated with diurnal rhythmicity of BP. The diurnal abundance of Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria were independently associated with BP. Discrete bacterial taxa were observed to correlate independently or interactively with one or more of the following 3 factors: (1) BP rhythm, (2) dietary salt, and (3) dip in BP. Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities revealed diurnal timing effects on microbial pathways, characterized by upregulated biosynthetic processes during the active phase of host, and upregulated degradation pathways of metabolites in the resting phase. Additional metagenomics functional pathways with rhythm variations were noted for aromatic amino acid metabolism and taurine metabolism. These diurnal timing dependent changes in microbiota, their functional pathways, and BP dip were associated with concerted effects of the levels of renal lipocalin 2 and kidney injury molecule-1 expression. These data provide evidence for a firm and concerted diurnal timing effects of BP, renal damage, and select microbial communities.

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Diurnal Timing Dependent Alterations in Gut Microbial Composition Are Synchronously Linked to Salt-Sensitive Hypertension and Renal Damage

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