DXA‐derived estimates of energy balance and its relationship with changes in body composition across a season in team sport athletes

Sep 19, 2019European journal of sport science

Body energy use estimated by scans and its link to body changes during a season in team sport athletes

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Abstract

An energy balance (EB) threshold of ±123 kcal·day for over 60 days is associated with significant changes in body composition in athletes.

EB estimates derived from dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans reflect changes in fat mass (FM) and fat-free soft tissue mass (FFSTM).
There is a strong relationship (0.97) between EB and changes in FM, indicating that fluctuations in energy balance closely correspond with fat loss.
Changes in FFSTM show a moderate relationship (0.41) with EB, suggesting some variability in how energy balance affects muscle mass.
EB was lowest during early pre-season (PS1), with values ranging from -265 to -142 kcal·day, and no significant changes were observed during the in-season phase.
Increases in FFSTM were greater during the off-season compared to late pre-season, with average gains of 1.6 ± 0.4 kg.
Fat mass decreased significantly only during PS1 compared to all other seasonal phases, with a reduction of -1.8 to -1.0 kg.

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This study examined the relationship between dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)-derived estimates of energy balance (EB) and changes in body composition across various seasonal phases in team sport athletes. Forty-five Australian rules footballers underwent six DXA scans across a 12-month period (off-season [OS, Week 0-13], early [PS1, Week 13-22] and late pre-season [PS2, Week 22-31] and early [IS1, Week 3-42] and late in-season [IS2, Week 42-51]). EB (kcal·day) was estimated from changes in fat free soft tissue mass (FFSTM) and fat mass (FM) between scans according to a validated formula. An EB threshold of ± 123 kcal·dayfor >60 days demonstrated a(>95% probability) change in FFSTM (>1.0 kg) and FM (>0.7 kg). There were small to almost perfect relationships between EB and changes in FM (0.97, 95% CI, 0.96-0.98), FFSTM (0.41, -0.92 to -0.52) and body mass (0.27, 0.14-0.40). EB was lowest during PS1 compared to all other phases (range, -265 to -142 kcal·day), with no other changes at any time. Increases in FFSTM were higher during OS compared to PS2 (1.6 ± 0.4 kg), and higher during PS1 compared to PS2, IS1, and IS2 (range, 1.6-2.1 kg). There were no changes during in-season (-0.1-0.05 kg). FM decreased only in PS1 compared to all other seasonal phases (-1.8 to -1.0 kg). Assessments of body composition can be used as a tool to estimate EB, which practically can be used to indicate athlete's training and nutrition behaviours/practices. -1 -1 -1very likely r = r = -r =

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DXA‐derived estimates of energy balance and its relationship with changes in body composition across a season in team sport athletes

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