Exosomes in Disease Therapy: Plant-Derived Exosome-Like Nanoparticles Current Status, Challenges, and Future Prospects

Sep 8, 2025International journal of nanomedicine

Plant-Based Tiny Particles for Treating Diseases: Current Use, Challenges, and Future Possibilities

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Abstract

(PLNs) offer a novel, biocompatible alternative for drug delivery.

PLNs are derived from edible plants and medicinal herbs, featuring low and enhanced safety.
They can cross biological barriers and carry bioactive molecules, making them suitable for targeted delivery.
Experimental data reveals PLNs' potential therapeutic applications in oncology, immunotherapy, regenerative medicine, and gene therapy.
Challenges include stability, regulatory standards, and delivery specificity that may hinder clinical translation.
Technological advancements are necessary for the engineering, isolation, and manufacturing of PLNs.

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Exosomes are nano-sized extracellular vesicles secreted by diverse cell types that mediate intercellular communication through the transfer of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Their ability to cross biological barriers and carry bioactive cargo has led to increasing interest in their use as targeted delivery systems for drugs, genes, and immunomodulatory molecules. Recently, , PLNs obtained from edible plants and medicinal herbs have emerged as a novel, biocompatible alternative to mammalian exosomes. PLNs exhibit low , enhanced safety, and scalable production, making them ideal candidates for clinical translation. This review synthesizes a wide body of experimental data on the biogenesis, molecular composition, and biological activity of PLNs, and provides a comparative assessment of their therapeutic applications across oncology, immunotherapy, regenerative medicine, and gene therapy. Technological advances in PLN engineering, isolation, and manufacturing are discussed, along with key translational barriers such as stability, regulatory standards, and delivery specificity. This review also discusses the scientific implications of PLNs in advancing precision medicine and propose future directions for their integration into next-generation nanotherapeutics.

Key numbers

60–80%

Reduction

exhibit lower than mammalian .

over 400

Encapsulation of Bioactive Compounds

Distinct miRNAs identified across 11 plant species.

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Exosomes in Disease Therapy: Plant-Derived Exosome-Like Nanoparticles Current Status, Challenges, and Future Prospects

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