The role of exosomes in immune cell function and regulation during organ transplantation

Dec 17, 2025International immunopharmacology

How Tiny Cell Particles Help Control Immune Cells During Organ Transplants

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Regenerative Health on OpenScience ↗PubMed ↗DOI ↗

Abstract

Exosomes may improve organ transplantation success by regulating immune responses.

Exosomes are nanoscale extracellular vesicles that play a role in cell communication.
They can influence immune cell activity, potentially promoting graft rejection or tolerance.
The review highlights exosomes' ability to overcome limitations of current treatments like immunosuppressive drugs.
Exosomes have low immunogenicity and can be bioengineered for therapeutic purposes.
Their unique biological properties could lead to advancements in transplant-related immunity management.

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Organ transplantation serves as a vital therapeutic option for individuals suffering from end-stage organ failure. Nevertheless, immune-mediated rejection remains a major obstacle to achieving long-term graft survival and a favorable patient prognosis. This review examines the growing significance of exosomes-nanoscale extracellular vesicles with biological activity-in the regulation of transplant-related immunity. By shuttling bioactive cargo, these vesicles enable precise cell-to-cell communication and bidirectionally influence immune cell activity. Such processes can either promote graft rejection or facilitate tolerance. A systematic exploration of the mechanisms behind exosome-driven immunomodulation reveals their promising ability to overcome drawbacks associated with current treatments, including immunosuppressive drugs and mesenchymal stem cell therapy. Owing to their low immunogenicity and capacity for bioengineering, exosomes exhibit distinctive biological features that support their use as a groundbreaking strategy for improving transplantation success.

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The role of exosomes in immune cell function and regulation during organ transplantation

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