Multifaceted roles of extracellular vesicles in the interplay of neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases

Jun 28, 2025Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular basis of disease

Multiple roles of tiny cell particles in brain inflammation and neurodegenerative diseases

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Abstract

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are recognized for their role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease.

EVs are key mediators of communication within the central nervous system (CNS).
In vivo studies show that EVs maintain CNS homeostasis and modulate neuroinflammatory responses.
EVs influence tissue repair and regeneration following injury, potentially impacting disease progression.
Their small size and ability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) make EVs promising candidates for biomarkers and therapeutics.
The review highlights the complex contributions of EVs to neuroinflammation and their potential roles in neurodegenerative diseases.

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Despite advances in understanding neurodegenerative disease mechanisms, effective treatments remain elusive. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), key mediators of intercellular communication within the central nervous system (CNS), are increasingly recognized for their involvement in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), multiple sclerosis (MS) and Huntington's disease (HD). In vivo studies demonstrate EVs' crucial role in maintaining CNS homeostasis, modulating neuroinflammatory responses, and influencing tissue repair and regeneration following injury, thereby impacting disease progression and recovery. Their unique properties, including small size and ability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), position them as promising candidates for both biomarkers and therapeutics in CNS diseases. This review delves into the significant impact of neuroinflammation on neurodegenerative conditions, specifically focusing on the multifaceted contributions of EVs and their intricate interplay with the inflammatory landscape. We explore EV biogenesis, cargo composition, diverse roles in neuroinflammation (including intercellular communication and neuroprotection), their potential as biomarkers and drug delivery vehicles across the BBB for diagnosis or treatment of neuroinflammation implemented neurodegenerative diseases.

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Abstract

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