Feeding and light cycle disruptions have distinct effects on energy balance and neuroendocrine regulators in goldfish

After 53 days of exposure, random feeding conditions led to increased growth and positive energy balance in goldfish.

• Circadian misalignment through random feeding and continuous light resulted in elevated metabolic rates and feed intake in goldfish.
• Both random feeding and continuous light groups exhibited changes in gene expression that favored appetite stimulation.
• Only fish in the random feeding group demonstrated significant increases in growth, weight, hepatosomatic index, and plasma glucose levels.
• Continuous light exposure did not enhance growth compared to control fish, likely due to higher energy expenditure.
• Alterations in feeding timing and light exposure have distinct impacts on energy balance and physiological outcomes in goldfish.

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