Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide inhibits HSC activation and liver fibrosis via targeting inflammation, apoptosis, cell cycle, and ECM-receptor interaction mediated by TGF-β/Smad signaling

Jan 5, 2023Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology

Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide may reduce liver scarring by targeting inflammation, cell death, cell growth, and tissue structure through TGF-β/Smad signaling

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Abstract

GLP (150 and 300 mg/kg) significantly inhibited hepatic fibrogenesis and inflammation in CCl-treated mice.

Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide (GLP) may exert anti-fibrotic effects via the TLR4/NF-κB/MyD88 signaling pathway.
GLP significantly reduced collagen I and alpha-smooth muscle actin (a-SMA) expressions, indicating inhibited hepatic stellate cell activation.
RNA-sequencing identified key pathways suppressed by GLP, including inflammation, apoptosis, and cell cycle regulation.
GLP showed a dual effect on apoptosis, inhibiting it in vivo while promoting it in vitro.
GLP treatment resulted in the attenuation of ECM-receptor interaction-related molecules, particularly integrins ITGA6 and ITGA8.
Inhibition of TGF-β/Smad signaling was observed, with reduced phosphorylations of Smad2 and Smad3 and increased Smad7 expression in HSC-T6 cells.

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BACKGROUND: Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide (GLP) has many biological properties, however, the anti-fibrosis effect of GLP is unknown at present.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to examine the anti-fibrogenic effect of GLP and its underlying molecular mechanisms in vivo and in vitro.

STUDY DESIGN: Both CCl-induced mouse and TGF-β1-induced HSC-T6 cellular models of fibrosis were established to examine the anti-fibrogenic effect of a water-soluble GLP (25 kDa) extracted from the sporoderm-removed spores of G. lucidum.. 4

METHOD: Serum markers of liver injury, histology and fibrosis of liver tissues, and collagen formation were examined using an automatic biochemical analyzer, H&E staining, Sirius red staining, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, ELISA, Western blotting, and qRT-PCR. RNA-sequencing, enrichment pathway analysis, Western blotting, qRT-PCR, and flow cytometry were employed to identify the potential molecular targets and signaling pathways that are responsible for the anti-fibrotic effect of GLP.

RESULTS: We showed that GLP (150 and 300 mg/kg) significantly inhibited hepatic fibrogenesis and inflammation in CCl-treated mice as mediated by the TLR4/NF-κB/MyD88 signaling pathway. We further demonstrated that GLP significantly inhibited hepatic stellate cell (HSCs) activation in mice and in TGF-β1-induced HSC-T6 cells as manifested by reduced collagen I and a-SMA expressions. RNA-sequencing uncovered inflammation, apoptosis, cell cycle, ECM-receptor interaction, TLR4/NF-κB, and TGF-β/Smad signalings as major pathways suppressed by GLP administration. Further studies demonstrated that GLP elicits anti-fibrotic actions that are associated with a novel dual effect on apoptosis in vivo (inhibit) or in vitro (promote), suppression of cell cycle in vivo, induction of S phase arrest in vitro, and attenuation of ECM-receptor interaction-associated molecule expressions including integrins ITGA6 and ITGA8. Furthermore, GLP significantly inhibited the TGF-β/Smad signaling in mice, and reduced TGF-β1 or its agonist SRI-011381-induced Smad2 and Smad3 phosphorylations, but increased Samd7 expression in HSC-T6 cells. 4

CONCLUSION: This study provides the first evidence that GLP could be a promising dietary strategy for treating liver fibrosis, which protects against liver fibrosis and HSC activation through targeting inflammation, apoptosis, cell cycle, and ECM-receptor interactions that are mediated by TGF-β/Smad signaling.

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Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide inhibits HSC activation and liver fibrosis via targeting inflammation, apoptosis, cell cycle, and ECM-receptor interaction mediated by TGF-β/Smad signaling

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