Declarations. Conflict of Interest: Theocharis Koufakis has received honoraria for lectures/advisory boards and research support from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Pharmaserve Lilly, Sanofi, Roche Diagnostics, ELPEN, Krka, Menarini, and Novo Nordisk. Theocharis Koufakis is an Editorial Board member of Advances in Therapy. Theocharis Koufakis was not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript nor any of the subsequent editorial decisions. Evangelos N. Liberopoulos has participated in educational, research, and advisory activities sponsored by AstraZeneca, MSD, Lilly, Bayer, Amgen, Sanofi, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, and Servier. Kalliopi Kotsa has received honoraria for lectures/advisory boards and research support from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Pharmaserve Lilly, Sanofi-Aventis, ELPEN, MSD, and Novo Nordisk. Georgios Vournas has nothing to disclose. Anastasia Sarvani has nothing to disclose. Maria Mavridou has nothing to disclose. Anastasios Tentolouris has nothing to disclose. Michael Doumas has nothing to disclose. Ethical Approval: The study was performed in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethics approval for retrospective data collection and analysis was obtained from the Bioethics Committee of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (approval code: 26; approval date: 11 November 2025). Patient data were anonymized prior to analysis, with removal of all direct patient identifiers and replacement by non-traceable study codes accessible only to the investigators involved in data collection. In accordance with local institutional requirements and national practice in Greece for retrospective clinical data analyses, all patients provided written informed consent at the time of hospital discharge for the use of their anonymized data for research purposes. No interventions or treatment decisions were influenced by study participation. As this was a retrospective observational study based exclusively on anonymized routinely collected clinical data without prospective intervention or protocol-driven treatment allocation, formal registration on a clinical trial platform was not required.
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