The gut-brain axis in diabetic neuropathy, cognitive impairment, and emotional disorders

Disruptions in gut microbiota balance and compromised intestinal barrier integrity are significantly associated with the onset of insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus.

• The gut-brain axis involves complex signaling between the gut and the brain through various pathways.
• Gut bacteria influence energy metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and immune responses by producing metabolites like short-chain fatty acids.
• Impaired gut barrier function can lead to chronic inflammation, which may promote insulin resistance.
• The gut-brain axis affects appetite, energy balance, and insulin secretion through neuroendocrine mechanisms.
• Imbalances in gut microbiota may contribute to neuroendocrine dysregulation, potentially accelerating diabetes development.
• New treatment strategies for diabetes are being explored that focus on modifying the gut microbiome and restoring gut barrier function.

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