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Gut–Brain–Jaw Axis: The Emerging Role of Gut Microbiota in Temporomandibular Disorders and Orofacial Pain—A Narrative Review
How Gut Microbes May Influence Jaw Disorders and Face Pain
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Abstract
Recent studies reveal causal associations between specific bacterial genera and temporomandibular disorder (TMD) risk.
- Gut dysbiosis may worsen inflammation in the temporomandibular joint and increase neuroinflammatory responses.
- Restoring microbial balance through probiotics or fecal microbiota transplantation could reduce pain hypersensitivity.
- Microbial metabolites like short-chain fatty acids, GABA, and serotonin are associated with modulation of trigeminal pain pathways.
- Evidence supports a bidirectional communication system between the gut, brain, and jaw that influences pain mechanisms.
- Microbiome-targeted strategies, including dietary changes and probiotics, may improve TMD management.
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