Gut microbiome changes in the gut-brain connection and their effects on vascular dementia, with potential for non-drug treatments

Vascular dementia (VD) is the second leading cause of cognitive impairment after Alzheimer's disease.

• Current treatments for VD primarily manage vascular risk factors without effectively repairing brain damage.
• Alterations in gut microbiota are linked to vascular cognitive impairment through mechanisms such as inflammation and oxidative stress.
• Microbial metabolites like butyrate may offer neuroprotection, while trimethylamine N-oxide is associated with cognitive decline.
• Restoring microbial balance with probiotics and plant-based compounds has shown potential in preclinical models for improving cognitive outcomes.
• Non-pharmacological approaches, such as electro-acupuncture, may also influence the gut microbiome and serotonin regulation.

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