The connection between gut microbiota and its metabolites with neurodegenerative diseases in humans

Jun 7, 2024Metabolic brain disease

Links Between Gut Bacteria, Their Byproducts, and Brain Diseases in People

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Abstract

Intestinal microbiota dysbiosis may contribute to the development of neurodegenerative diseases.

Aging populations may experience an increase in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.
Intestinal microbiota and its metabolites play significant roles in immune system regulation and maintaining intestinal barrier integrity.
Dysbiosis can lead to increased inflammatory cytokines and bacterial metabolites, potentially disrupting blood-brain barrier permeability.
Current evidence linking intestinal microbiota to neurodegenerative diseases is primarily derived from epidemiological studies and animal models.
Clinical data on the relationship between gut metabolites and neurodegenerative diseases remains limited and largely descriptive.

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The aging of populations is a global phenomenon that follows a possible increase in the incidence of neurodegenerative diseases. Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Multiple Sclerosis, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, and Huntington's diseases are some neurodegenerative disorders that aging could initiate or aggravate. Recent research has indicated that intestinal microbiota dysbiosis can trigger metabolism and brain functioning, contributing to the etiopathogenesis of those neurodegenerative diseases. The intestinal microbiota and its metabolites show significant functions in various aspects, such as the immune system modulation (development and maturation), the maintenance of the intestinal barrier integrity, the modulation of neuromuscular functions in the intestine, and the facilitation of essential metabolic processes for both the microbiota and humans. The primary evidence supporting the connection between intestinal microbiota and its metabolites with neurodegenerative diseases are epidemiological observations and animal models experimentation. This paper reviews up-to-date evidence on the correlation between the microbiota-gut-brain axis and neurodegenerative diseases, with a specially focus on gut metabolites. Dysbiosis can increase inflammatory cytokines and bacterial metabolites, altering intestinal and blood-brain barrier permeability and causing neuroinflammation, thus facilitating the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Clinical data supporting this evidence still needs to be improved. Most of the works found are descriptive and associated with the presence of phyla or species of bacteria with neurodegenerative diseases. Despite the limitations of recent research, the potential for elucidating clinical questions that have thus far eluded clarification within prevailing pathophysiological frameworks of health and disease is promising through investigation of the interplay between the host and microbiota.

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The connection between gut microbiota and its metabolites with neurodegenerative diseases in humans

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