Journal of virologyOct 8, 2026

H5 flu mRNA vaccine in lipid nanoparticles triggers immune responses in Holstein calves

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Updated Oct 9, 2026

Abstract

The H5 mRNA-LNP vaccine induced a robust antibody and CD8⁺ T cell-mediated immune response in calves.

Highly pathogenic avian influenza clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 was widely circulating in lactating dairy cows in the United States in 2024.
The vaccine provided protection against clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 infection.
A significant immune response was observed following intramuscular delivery of the vaccine to male Holstein calves.
The immune response included both antibody production and activation of CD8⁺ T cells.

Simplified

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 circulated widely in lactating dairy cows in the United States following the initial detection in 2024. Due to the critical need for intervention strategies for this outbreak, we evaluated antibody and cellular immune responses of a clade 2.3.4.4b H5 mRNA-LNP vaccine in calves. We found that the H5 mRNA-LNP vaccine induced a robust antibody and CD8⁺ T cell-mediated immune response and conferred protection against clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 infection.IMPORTANCEIt is important to develop vaccines that limit clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 infection in cattle. In this study, we found that a new H5 mRNA-lipid nanoparticle vaccine is immunogenic when delivered intramuscularly to male Holstein calves.

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H5 flu mRNA vaccine in lipid nanoparticles triggers immune responses in Holstein calves

Abstract

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