Computational biology and chemistryJul 9, 2026

Changes in immune cells and gene activity linked to inflammation and blood clotting in long COVID

Updated Jul 10, 2026

Abstract

Long COVID patients exhibited significantly reduced total white blood cell counts and circulating monocytes compared to asymptomatic controls.

A total of 45 patients were compared, with 21 diagnosed with Long COVID and 24 serving as asymptomatic controls.
Long COVID patients had lower platelet counts and prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT).
Transcriptomic analysis revealed significant enrichment in pathways related to inflammation, cellular stress, and coagulation.
Key hub genes identified include IL6, MYC, CDKN1A, SERPINE1, CD44, and PLAUR.
The findings suggest a possible link between monocyte depletion and increased adherence to the endothelium.
Increased levels of SERPINE1 and PLAUR indicate a connection between chronic vascular inflammation and resistance to fibrinolysis.

Simplified

Long COVID has complicated immunological and coagulation dysregulations. The study explores the pathophysiological pathways by integrating clinical hematological characteristics with transcriptome bioinformatics. In a comparison of 45 patients (21 with Long COVID and 24 asymptomatic controls), the Long COVID cohort demonstrated significantly reduced total WBC counts (p = 0.031) and circulating monocytes (p = 0.008), as well as reduced platelet counts (p = 0.040) and prolonged APTT (p = 0.016). To better understand these findings, transcriptome analysis of the public dataset GSE251849 was performed applying DESeq2, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA), and a Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) network assessed through the Maximal Clique Centrality (MCC) algorithm. Transcriptomic profiling demonstrated significant enrichment of inflammation, cellular stress, and coagulation pathways. The MCC analysis identified IL6, MYC, CDKN1A, SERPINE1, CD44, and PLAUR as the key hub genes. The significant decrease in circulating monocytes, along with upregulation of CD44, indicates monocyte depletion due to enhanced endothelium adherence. Furthermore, the significant upregulation of SERPINE1 and PLAUR underscores the important connection between chronic vascular inflammation and severe fibrinolysis resistance (hypofibrinolysis). These findings establish a strong biological basis for the clinical features of Long COVID, highlighting an immunothrombosis proposed mechanistic model driven by cellular stress and hypofibrinolysis, thus pinpointing prospective targets for future diagnostics and therapeutics.

Funding

Competing interests

Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

PubMed

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Changes in immune cells and gene activity linked to inflammation and blood clotting in long COVID

Abstract

Funding

Competing interests

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