Hypertension-Induced Renal Injury: From Pathophysiology to Therapeutic Perspectives

Hypertension-induced renal injury is a major cause of chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease.

• The progression of renal injury is influenced by multiple molecular mechanisms rather than solely by blood pressure.
• Early events like endothelial dysfunction and renal hypoxia create conditions that facilitate disease progression.
• Amplifying pathways such as overactivation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, oxidative stress, and immune responses contribute to further injury.
• Signals from these pathways lead to fibrotic changes, including the activation of certain cells and deposition of extracellular matrix, resulting in irreversible kidney damage.
• Epigenetics, the gut-kidney relationship, autophagy dysfunction, and aging are also factors in hypertension-induced renal injury.
• Emerging biomarkers and therapeutic approaches may improve early diagnosis and intervention beyond just controlling blood pressure.

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