Human studies on hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis

Cortisol rhythm disruptions are linked to various health issues, including increased cardiovascular risk and mortality.

• The hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is regulated by the central clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus.
• Shift work can alter the HPA axis, contributing to metabolic disturbances.
• Cortisol phase shifts are observed in conditions like depression, anorexia nervosa, and obstructive sleep apnoea.
• Patients with Cushing's syndrome exhibit higher nocturnal cortisol levels, which may lead to insulin resistance and increased health risks.
• Adrenal insufficiency is associated with decreased cortisol rhythm amplitude, resulting in impaired quality of life despite treatment.

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