Immiscible Phase Separation‐Driven Microfabrication of Gelatin Methacryloyl Scaffolds for BMP‐2 Delivery and Osteogenic Enhancement

Sep 2, 2025Macromolecular bioscience

Making Gelatin Scaffolds Using Phase Separation to Deliver BMP-2 and Improve Bone Growth

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Regenerative Health on OpenScience ↗PubMed ↗DOI ↗OA ↗

Abstract

Injectable micro-scaffolds (mS-GelMA) demonstrate high biocompatibility and functionality with human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs).

Controlled porosity and stability of mS-GelMA are achieved through (SFL).
SFL allows for precise shape and degradation control, improving micro-particle uniformity compared to conventional methods.
Incorporating (TMPTA) enhances the scaffolds' drug delivery and regenerative potential.
Cellular assays indicate that hMSCs within mS-GelMA scaffolds show excellent viability, migration, and osteogenic differentiation.
SFL-fabricated GelMA scaffolds offer a potential solution for combining injectability with structural complexity in tissue engineering.

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(GelMA) hydrogels are recognized for their biocompatibility, tunable mechanics, and ability to support cellular functions, making them attractive for tissue engineering. However, achieving uniform, structurally stable micro-scaffolds for minimally invasive delivery remains challenging. Injectable hydrogels provide targeted delivery but lack the micro-architectural complexity required for effective regeneration, while 3D printing offers precision yet faces resolution, handling, and mechanical limitations. To overcome these barriers, we developed injectable GelMA micro-scaffolds (mS-GelMA) with controlled porosity, stability, and reproducibility using (SFL). This technique enables precise control over shape, porosity, and degradation, surpassing conventional injection moulding and 3D bioprinting in micro-particle uniformity and reproducibility. Scaffold performance was optimized by incorporating (TMPTA) into GelMA, enhancing drug delivery and regenerative potential. Cellular assays confirmed high biocompatibility and functionality, with human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) exhibiting excellent viability, migration, and osteogenic differentiation within the mS-GelMA scaffolds. These findings demonstrate that SFL-fabricated GelMA scaffolds bridge the gap between injectability and structural complexity, offering a promising platform for minimally invasive tissue engineering. This work highlights the potential of SFL-engineered hydrogels to advance scaffold-based regenerative medicine by combining architectural precision, biological performance, and clinical applicability.

Key numbers

95%

Increase

Achieved with 100 µL in scaffolds.

15 min

Degradation Time

Fastest degradation time for 100 µL concentration.

Higher than control

Osteogenic Activity Increase

Measured via alkaline phosphatase activity in BMP-2-loaded scaffolds.

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Immiscible Phase Separation‐Driven Microfabrication of Gelatin Methacryloyl Scaffolds for BMP‐2 Delivery and Osteogenic Enhancement

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