Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)Dec 8, 2025

Improving SnO2 Colloids for Better Perovskite Solar Cells

Updated Jan 1, 2026

Abstract

A perovskite solar cell achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 26.40% using phosphate-buffered SnO nanoparticles.

Phosphate-buffered synthesis effectively stabilizes SnO nanoparticles in aqueous solutions, preventing aggregation.
The buffer maintains stable pH and regulates electrostatic repulsion, promoting homogeneous dispersion of nanoparticles.
Controlled surface properties of SnO films enhance electron transport and reduce interfacial recombination, improving performance.
Encapsulated devices retain 99%, 84%, and 95% of their initial efficiency under various operational stability tests.
A larger perovskite solar module (5 cm × 5 cm) demonstrated a PCE of 23.11%, indicating potential for scalability.

Simplified

SnOnanoparticles (NPs) solutions are considered a highly efficient inks for fabricating electron transport layers in state-of-the-art solution-processed perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, SnOcolloids exhibit thermodynamic instability in aqueous solution due to strong van der Waals attractions between nanoparticles, often leading to aggregation and precipitation. Here, a phosphate-buffered synthesis strategy is reported that effectively stabilizes SnOcolloids. The phosphate buffer maintains a stable pH during synthesis, dynamically regulating the electrostatic repulsion between nanoparticles to suppress aggregation and promote homogeneous dispersion. This method enables precise control over surface hydroxyl groups and oxygen vacancies in the resulting SnOfilms, facilitating efficient electron transport and reducing interfacial recombination. As a result, PSCs achieve a high power convertion efficiency (PCE) of 26.40% while demonstrating exceptional operational stability. The encapsulated device maintains 99%, 84%, and 95% of their initial efficiency under ISOS-L-1, ISOS-L-2, and ISOS-O-1 protocols, respectively. Furthermore, a perovskite solar module (5 cm × 5 cm) with an active area of 12.6 cmdelivers an impressive PCE of 23.11%. These results highlight the scalability and practical viability of the strategy for developing large-area, high-performance photovoltaic modules. 2 2 2 2 2

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