Comparing Insulin Against Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists, Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors, and Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors on 5-Year Incident Heart Failure Risk for Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Real-World Evidence Study Using Insurance Claims

Oct 22, 2024JMIR diabetes

Comparing Insulin, GLP-1 Receptor Agonists, DPP-4 Inhibitors, and SGLT2 Inhibitors for 5-Year Heart Failure Risk in People with Type 2 Diabetes

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Abstract

Insulin therapy is associated with a 15.1% higher 5-year heart failure rate compared to sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors.

Patients with type 2 diabetes receiving insulin may have a higher risk of heart failure compared to those using glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, or sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors.
The adjusted 5-year heart failure rates for patients on insulin were 11.8% higher compared to those on glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists and 12.0% higher compared to dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors.
In patients at high risk for heart failure, the increased risk associated with insulin therapy was significant, while it was not significant in those at low risk.
The findings provide real-world evidence that may inform guidelines on managing type 2 diabetes and heart failure risk.

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BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a common health issue, with heart failure (HF) being a common and lethal long-term complication. Although insulin is widely used for the treatment of T2DM, evidence regarding the efficacy of insulin compared to noninsulin therapies on incident HF risk is missing among randomized controlled trials. Real-world evidence on insulin's effect on long-term HF risk may supplement existing guidelines on the management of T2DM.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare insulin therapy against other medications on HF risk among patients with T2DM using real-world data extracted from insurance claims.

METHODS: A retrospective, observational study was conducted based on insurance claims data from a single health care network. The study period was from January 1, 2016, to August 11, 2021. The cohort was defined as patients having a T2DM diagnosis code. The inclusion criteria were patients who had at least 1 record of a glycated hemoglobin laboratory test result; full insurance for at least 1 year (either commercial or Medicare Part D); and received glucose-lowering therapy belonging to 1 of the following groups: insulin, glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs), dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4Is), or sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2Is). The main outcome was the 5-year incident HF rate. Baseline covariates, including demographic characteristics, comorbidities, and laboratory test results, were adjusted to correct for confounding.

RESULTS: After adjusting for a broad list of confounders, patients receiving insulin were found to be associated with an 11.8% (95% CI 11.0%-12.7%), 12.0% (95% CI 11.5%-12.4%), and 15.1% (95% CI 14.3%-16.0%) higher 5-year HF rate compared to those using GLP-1 RAs, DPP-4Is, and SGLT2Is, respectively. Subgroup analysis showed that insulin's effect of a higher HF rate was significant in the subgroup with high HF risk but not significant in the subgroup with low HF risk.

CONCLUSIONS: This study generated real-world evidence on the association of insulin therapy with a higher 5-year HF rate compared to GLP-1 RAs, DPP-4Is, and SGLT2Is based on insurance claims data. These findings also demonstrated the value of real-world data for comparative effectiveness studies to complement established guidelines. On the other hand, the study shares the common limitations of observational studies. Even though high-dimensional confounders are adjusted, remaining confounding may exist and induce bias in the analysis.

Comparing Insulin Against Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists, Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors, and Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors on 5-Year Incident Heart Failure Risk for Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Real-World Evidence Study Using Insurance Claims

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