The Journal of general physiologyNov 10, 1998

Calcium-dependent signals differently affect light-sensitive channels in cone versus rod photoreceptors

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Updated Apr 2, 2026

Abstract

The sensitivity of cGMP-gated ion channels in cone photoreceptors changes significantly with varying calcium levels, with K1/2 values of 84.3 +/- 12.6 microM in the absence of calcium.

Sensitivity to cGMP increases as calcium concentration decreases in cone photoreceptors.
In the presence of 20 microM calcium, K1/2 for cGMP is 335.5 +/- 64.4 microM, while it drops to 84.3 +/- 12.6 microM without calcium.
For 8Br-cGMP, K1/2 is 72.7 +/- 11.3 microM with calcium and 15.3 +/- 4.5 microM without it.
The change in agonist sensitivity due to calcium is more pronounced in cones than in rods.
In intact cone outer segments, the calcium-dependent modulation is reversible but diminishes without divalent cations.
The difference in calcium dependence between cones and rods suggests that modulation may be more critical for cones in regulating photocurrent gain.

Simplified

We investigated the modulation of cGMP-gated ion channels in single cone photoreceptors isolated from a fish retina. A new method allowed us to record currents from an intact outer segment while controlling its cytoplasmic composition by superfusion of the electropermeabilized inner segment. The sensitivity of the channels to agonists in the intact outer segment differs from that measured in membrane patches detached from the same cell. This sensitivity, measured as the ligand concentration necessary to activate half-maximal currents, K1/2, also increases as Ca2+ concentration decreases. In electropermeabilized cones, K1/2 for cGMP is 335.5 +/- 64.4 microM in the presence of 20 microM Ca2+, and 84.3 +/- 12.6 microM in its absence. For 8Br-cGMP, K1/2 is 72.7 +/- 11.3 microM in the presence of 20 microM Ca2+ and 15.3 +/- 4.5 microM in its absence. The Ca2+-dependent change in agonist sensitivity is larger in extent than that measured in rods. In electropermeabilized tiger salamander rods, K1/2 for 8Br-cGMP is 17.9 +/- 3.8 microM in the presence of 20 microM Ca2+ and 7.2 +/- 1.2 microM in its absence. The Ca2+-dependent modulation is reversible in intact cone outer segments, but is progressively lost in the absence of divalent cations, suggesting that it is mediated by a diffusible factor. Comparison of data in intact cells and detached membrane fragments from cones indicates that this factor is not calmodulin. At 40 microM 8Br-cGMP, the Ca2+-dependent change in sensitivity in cones is half-maximal at KCa = 286 +/- 66 nM Ca2+. In rods, by contrast, KCa is approximately 50 nM Ca2+. The difference in magnitude and Ca2+ dependence of channel modulation between photoreceptor types suggests that this modulation may play a more significant role in the regulation of photocurrent gain in cones than in rods.

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Calcium-dependent signals differently affect light-sensitive channels in cone versus rod photoreceptors

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