The putative role of the intestinal microbiota in the irritable bowel syndrome

Sep 11, 2009Digestive and liver disease : official journal of the Italian Society of Gastroenterology and the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver

The possible role of gut bacteria in irritable bowel syndrome

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Abstract

Dysbiosis may occur in at least a subset of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients due to factors such as infection or dietary changes.

Irritable bowel syndrome is characterized by chronic abdominal symptoms with diverse clinical presentations.
Enteric infections can trigger IBS in some patients.
Some IBS patients show evidence of low-grade inflammation and immune activation in the distal bowel.
Dysbiosis, or disruption of the gut microbiota, can lead to changes in gut immune responses, resulting in low-grade inflammation.
Disruption of gut flora affects sensory-motor function and immune activity in experimental settings.
Animal models suggest that alterations in gut bacteria may influence behavior, linking gut dysfunction and psychiatric co-morbidities in IBS patients.

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The irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic abdominal symptom complex that is heterogeneous in terms of its clinical presentation and underlying pathophysiology and pathogenesis. It is now established that enteric infection can trigger the syndrome in at least a subset of patients. In addition, there is growing evidence of low grade inflammation and immune activation in the distal bowel of some IBS patients. These observations now prompt the question as to what maintains gut dysfunction in these patients. The intestinal microbiota influences a broad array of host organs that include the gut and the brain, and is an important determinant of normal function in these systems. Disruption of the delicate balance between the host and its intestinal microbiota (termed dysbiosis) results in changes in the mucosal immune system that range from overt inflammation as seen in Crohn's Disease, to low grade inflammation without tissue injury, as seen in a subset of IBS patients. Under experimental conditions, disruption of the microbiota also produces changes in gut sensory-motor function and immune activity. Thus, dysbiosis induced by infection, dietary change or drugs such as antibiotics could produce low grade inflammation and chronic gut dysfunction, reminiscent of that seen in IBS. Fluctuations in gut physiology destabilize the habitat of commensal bacteria and provide a basis for chronic dysbiosis. Recent observations in animal models that changes in gut flora influence behavior provide a basis for a novel unifying hypothesis that accommodates both gut dysfunction and behavioral changes that characterize many IBS patients. This hypothesis states that dysbiosis exists in at least a subset of IBS patients, as a result of infection, dietary change or drugs and contributes to gut inflammatory and functional change in addition to psychiatric co-morbidity.

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The putative role of the intestinal microbiota in the irritable bowel syndrome

Abstract

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