Brain, behavior, and immunityNov 6, 2025

Ketogenic diet may improve depression and anxiety less than Mediterranean diet in obesity: A pilot study on the gut-brain connection

Gut-Brain Axis Weekly Brief ↗PubMed ↗DOI ↗

Updated Jun 28, 2026

Abstract

Essence

In obesity, a Mediterranean diet showed more short-term improvement in depression than a ketogenic diet, while the ketogenic diet reduced impulsivity.

Evidence

This randomized pilot study analyzed 37 adults who completed 3 months of diet assignment and paired the human data with fecal-transplant mouse experiments suggesting anxiety-like effects and metabolite changes after the ketogenic diet.

Caveat

The study was small with substantial attrition, and the gut-brain findings from mouse transplants are preclinical rather than direct human evidence.

Simplified

Obesity is associated with depressive symptoms due to biological and psychological factors. Dietary interventions, including the Ketogenic (Keto) and Mediterranean (Med) diets, impact weight loss and mental health differently. While the Keto diet promotes rapid weight loss by increasing ketone body levels, its effects on mental health, particularly in individuals with obesity, remain unclear. This exploratory pilot study explores the impact of both diets on depression and impulsiveness, focusing on the gut-brain axis. Sixty-four participants (Body Mass Index 30-45 kg/m, ages 18-65) were randomly assigned to follow one of the two diets for three months. Due to attrition, 37 participants (Med n = 23; Keto n = 14) completed the study. Depression and impulsivity scores were evaluated before and after the intervention. Stool samples were collected for microbiota analysis, and faecal transplants were performed in healthy mice. Brain and serum metabolites in recipient mice were analysed using High-Resolution Magic Angle Spinning (HR-MAS) and Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (H NMR) spectroscopy. The Med diet showed greater improvement in depression scores compared to the Keto diet, while the latter was associated with reductions in impulsivity (urgency subscale). However, faecal transplants from the Keto group induced anxiety-like behaviours in recipient mice, which correlated with significant microbiota and metabolite changes. The Keto group exhibited increased levels of taurine, alanine, and betaine in the brain, and threonine levels were correlated with behavioural changes. These findings suggest that the Med diet offers more consistent short-term benefits related to depressive symptoms, while the Keto diet modulated impulsivity. The animal model findings highlighted the role of diet-induced microbiota changes and metabolite alterations in the gut-brain axis. Long-term studies in a larger population are needed to tailor dietary interventions, essential for optimizing mental and physical health in obesity. 2 1