Aberrant inflammatory responses are crucial indicators of the onset and progression of diverse pathologies, including metabolic syndromes, autoimmune disorders, and neuroinflammation. The intrinsic intricacy and heterogeneity of these signaling pathways require innovative therapeutic approaches that allow precise immunomodulation while alleviating systemic toxicity. Lipid-based nanocarriers (LBNCs), including liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, and nanostructured lipid carriers, have emerged as transformative platforms to deliver a variety of therapeutic agents. The clinical maturity of these systems, catalyzed by the global success of lipid-based RNA vaccines, has established an initial safety and scalability of this framework, which is now being transitioned toward chronic inflammatory management. This review critically evaluates the structure-function relationships of LBNCs, examining how specific physicochemical attributes dictate their interaction with inflamed tissues. We analyze the molecular mechanisms by which LBNCs' architecture modulates key inflammatory regulators, such as cytokine networks and oxidative pathways, to achieve superior therapeutic control. Furthermore, we scrutinize the strategic selection of delivery routes and their direct impact on site-specific biodistribution and patient compliance. By addressing current bottlenecks in long-term immunocompatibility and regulatory characterization, this review provides a roadmap for engineering the next generation of bio-responsive anti-inflammatory nanomedicines. Collectively, these insights position LBNCs as a transformative paradigm for refining the precision and efficacy of modern anti-inflammatory therapy. This article is categorized under: Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Lipid-Based Structures.
