Loneliness and depression among rural empty-nest elderly adults in Liuyang, China: a cross-sectional study

Oct 9, 2017BMJ open

Loneliness and depression in older adults living alone in rural Liuyang, China

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Abstract

Empty-nest older adults reported significantly higher loneliness scores of 16.19 compared to 12.87 in not-empty-nest older adults.

Empty-nest older adults experienced greater loneliness and depressive symptoms than their not-empty-nest counterparts.
The average loneliness score for empty-nest individuals was 16.19, while not-empty-nest individuals averaged 12.87.
Depressive symptoms were also higher in empty-nest adults, with scores of 8.50 compared to 6.92 in not-empty-nest adults.
The prevalence of major depressive episodes was found to be 10.1% among empty-nest individuals versus 4.6% in not-empty-nest individuals.
Loneliness may mediate the relationship between empty-nest syndrome and higher levels of depressive symptoms and major depressive episodes.

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OBJECTIVE: To compare loneliness, depressive symptoms and major depressive episodes between empty-nest and not-empty-nest older adults in rural areas of Liuyang city, Hunan, China.

METHODS: A cross-sectional multi-stage random cluster survey was conducted from November 2011 to April 2012 in Liuyang, China. A total of 839 rural older residents aged 60 or above completed the survey (response rate 97.6%). In line with the definition of empty nest, 25 participants who had no children were excluded from the study, while the remaining 814 elderly adults with at least one child were included for analysis. Loneliness and depressive symptoms in rural elderly parents were assessed using the short-form UCLA Loneliness Scale (ULS-6) and the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). Major depressive episodes were diagnosed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID-I).

RESULTS: Significant differences were found between empty-nest and not-empty-nest older adults regarding loneliness (16.19±3.90 vs. 12.87±3.02, Cohen's d=0.97), depressive symptoms (8.50±6.26 vs. 6.92±5.19, Cohen's d=0.28) and the prevalence of major depressive episodes (10.1% vs. 4.6%) (all p<0.05). After controlling for demographic characteristics and physical disease, the differences in loneliness, depressive symptoms and major depressive episodes remained significant. Path analysis showed that loneliness mediated the relationship between empty-nest syndrome and depressive symptoms and major depressive episodes.

CONCLUSION: Loneliness and depression are more severe among empty-nest than not-empty-nest rural elderly adults. Loneliness was a mediating variable between empty-nest syndrome and depression.

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Loneliness and depression among rural empty-nest elderly adults in Liuyang, China: a cross-sectional study

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