How Meal and Nutrient Timing Relate to Sleep Quality During a Diet and Exercise Program

Later breakfast timing is associated with poorer sleep quality at 12 months (β=0.64, p=0.02).

• Participants reported sleep quality using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index over 12 months.
• No significant associations were found between lunch or dinner timing and sleep quality.
• The percentage of daily macronutrient intake consumed after 5 p.m. did not show significant relationships with sleep quality.
• Findings suggest that later breakfast timing may be linked to lower sleep quality.
• Further research is needed to investigate meal timing and composition across different populations.

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