Melatonin's roles beyond sleep timing and its possible health benefits

Melatonin is primarily involved in regulating the circadian rhythm system, crucial for the sleep-wake cycle.

• Melatonin's physiological functions have evolved from regulating skin pigmentation to various critical roles in mammals.
• Abnormal melatonin secretion is associated with the development of sleep disorders, which may increase the risk of chronic diseases.
• Melatonin may modulate oxidative stress, anti-inflammatory responses, and mitochondrial function.
• The hormone could influence energy metabolism, bone metabolism, nervous system regulation, and cardiovascular health at pharmacological doses.
• The article emphasizes the need to differentiate between melatonin's physiological and pharmacological effects.

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