Metabolic surgery and obstructive sleep apnoea: the protective effects of bariatric procedures

Jun 29, 2011Thorax

How weight-loss surgery may protect against obstructive sleep apnea

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Abstract

Obesity and obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) are both increasing globally.

Epidemiological studies show an association between obesity, weight gain, and OSA.
Metabolic or bariatric operations can lead to sustained weight loss and improve OSA symptoms in most morbidly obese individuals.
These surgeries may enhance glycaemic control, reduce cardiovascular risk, and lower obesity-related mortality.
The beneficial effects on OSA may result from both weight-dependent and weight-independent mechanisms.
Surgical approaches involve changes to bile flow, gastric size, gut anatomy, vagal activity, and gut hormones, improving insulin resistance and inflammation.
Current literature lacks robust comparative studies between surgical and non-surgical weight loss methods regarding their effects on body mass index and OSA severity.

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The global epidemic of obesity and the worldwide prevalence of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) are both increasing. Epidemiological studies reveal an association between obesity, weight gain and OSA. Metabolic or bariatric operations provide sustained weight loss and resolve or improve the symptoms of OSA in the majority of morbidly obese individuals. These operations also modulate the metabolic profile to improve glycaemic control, to decrease cardiovascular risk and obesity-related mortality. The beneficial effects of metabolic operations on OSA include mechanical weight-dependent and metabolic weight-independent effects that are achieved through the BRAVE effects: (Bile flow alteration; Reduction of gastric size; Anatomical gut rearrangement and altered flow of nutrients; Vagal manipulation; and Enteric gut hormone modulation). These result in an improvement in insulin resistance, adipokines, cytokines and systemic inflammation. A literature analysis was performed with statistical pooling of available surgical and medical studies to determine whether the weighted mean decrease in body mass index and sleep apnoea severity (measured by the apnoea-hypopnoea index) are larger in metabolic surgical studies than in non-surgical weight loss studies (diet, exercise and medication). However, heterogeneity across available trials, poor follow-up measures and a deficiency in comparative studies between surgical and non-surgical therapy precludes definitive statements regarding the relative benefits of surgical therapy. Further research is required to quantify robustly the effects and mechanisms of sleep apnoea resolution by metabolic surgery, which may reveal novel non-surgical treatments or enhanced surgical strategies in the management of this multisystem sleep disorder.

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Metabolic surgery and obstructive sleep apnoea: the protective effects of bariatric procedures

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