Microbiota-driven neuroimmune mechanisms in brain disorders: Microglial activation, cytokine signaling, and translational implications

Neuroinflammation is recognized as a central driver of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders.

• The microbiota-gut-brain axis plays a critical role in modulating neuroimmune signaling.
• Microbial-derived metabolites influence central nervous system homeostasis by affecting microglial maturation and activation.
• Cytokine signaling networks, including IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, are regulated by these microbial influences.
• Dysbiosis-related inflammation may compromise blood-brain barrier integrity and promote immune system infiltration.
• Microbial signals can either amplify or reduce neuroinflammatory responses, affecting vulnerability to various disorders.
• Current evidence supports the connection between gut microbial changes and central nervous system immune regulation.

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