Different parts of mRNA vaccines work together to trigger strong immune responses in the germinal centers

Declaration of interests G.D.V. is an advisor for and owns stock futures in the Vaccine Company, Inc. N.P. is named on patents describing the use of nucleoside-modified mRNA in lipid nanoparticles as a vaccine platform. He has disclosed those interests fully to the University of Pennsylvania, and he has in place an approved plan for managing any potential conflicts arising from the licensing of those patents. N.P. served on the mRNA strategic advisory board of Sanofi Pasteur in 2022, Pfizer from 2023 to 2024, and AldexChem between 2023 and 2025; is a member of the Scientific Advisory Board of BioNet and Piezo Therapeutics; and has consulted for Vaccine Company Inc. and Pasture Bio. I.M. has received research funding from Genentech and Regeneron and was a member of Garuda Therapeutics’s scientific advisory board. Y.K.T. is an employee of Acuitas Therapeutics, a company developing LNPs for the delivery of mRNA-based therapeutics, and is named on patents describing the use of nucleoside-modified mRNA in LNPs as a vaccine platform. S.E.H. is a co-inventor on patents that describe the use of nucleoside-modified mRNA as a vaccine platform and reports receiving consulting fees from Sanofi, Pfizer, Lumen, Novavax, and Merck. Z.L. held consulting positions at ATGandCo Biotechnology Ltd. and SeqOmics Biotechnology Ltd. when the study was conceived, but neither company contributed to the funding, design, or execution of the research, nor to the preparation of the manuscript.