Nanotechnology for Neurodegenerative Diseases: Recent Progress in Brain-Targeted Delivery, Stimuli-Responsive Platforms, and Organelle-Specific Therapeutics

Sep 15, 2025International journal of nanomedicine

Nanotechnology advances in targeted brain delivery, responsive treatments, and cell-part specific therapies for neurodegenerative diseases

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Abstract

Nanotechnology may provide a transformative strategy for treating neurodegenerative diseases.

Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by neuronal loss and complex mechanisms like protein aggregation and neuroinflammation.
Conventional therapies face challenges due to the and lack of targeted drug delivery.
Recent advances in include polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, and biomimetic carriers.
can release drugs in response to specific conditions such as pH or enzyme activity.
Organelle-targeting strategies focus on delivering treatments to mitochondria and lysosomes for enhanced precision.
The integration of diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in theranostic nanoplatforms is being explored for future applications.

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Neurodegenerative diseases-including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-are characterized by progressive neuronal loss and complex pathological mechanisms such as protein aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuroinflammation. Conventional therapies offer limited efficacy due to the (BBB) and lack of targeted delivery. Nanotechnology has emerged as a transformative strategy for precise brain-targeted treatment. This review summarizes recent advances in , including polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, inorganic nanomaterials, and biomimetic carriers, highlighting their design features, BBB-penetration mechanisms, and disease-specific applications. Emphasis is placed on that react to pH, reactive oxygen species, or enzyme activity, enabling site-specific drug release. Additionally, organelle-targeting strategies-particularly those directed at mitochondria and lysosomes-are explored for their role in subcellular precision therapy. The integration of diagnostic and therapeutic modalities in theranostic nanoplatforms is also discussed. By consolidating preclinical progress and emerging technologies, this review offers insights into the future of nanomedicine in treating neurodegenerative diseases and lays the groundwork for clinical translation.

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Nanotechnology for Neurodegenerative Diseases: Recent Progress in Brain-Targeted Delivery, Stimuli-Responsive Platforms, and Organelle-Specific Therapeutics

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