Fundamentals of Neurogastroenterology: Physiological Aspects and Clinical Implications

Feb 19, 2026Gastroenterology

Basics of the Nervous System Controlling Digestion: How It Works and Why It Matters for Health

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Abstract

30-40% of the general population report digestive symptoms often linked to meal intake.

Digestive symptoms frequently arise from disorders of gut-brain interaction (DGBI).
DGBI involves complex mechanisms, including dysregulation between the gut and brain.
Factors such as microbial imbalance, altered immune function, and increased barrier permeability may contribute to DGBI.
Visceral hypersensitivity and abnormal gut movements are also associated with digestive symptom generation.
The review evaluates symptom profiles, underlying causes, and functional tests relevant to DGBI.

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The digestive tract plays a key role in maintaining homeostasis and the general well-being of the human body via complex physiological functions. These gastrointestinal functions include motility; mixing of ingesta with pancreatic, biliary, and enteric secretions; absorption of digested nutrients; and disposal of undigested residues. Such processes usually occur without conscious perception. However, about 30-40% of the general population complain of digestive symptoms, often triggered by meal intake. Most of these people will be labelled as having a disorder of gut-brain interaction (DGBI). The pathophysiology of DGBI is complex, and not only involves bidirectional dysregulation of gut-brain interaction (via the gut-brain axis) but also microbial dysbiosis within the gut, altered mucosal immune function, increased epithelial barrier permeability, visceral hypersensitivity, and abnormal gastrointestinal motility. In this article, normal physiology and pathophysiology of GI function, and processes underlying symptom generation are reviewed. This article provides a thorough appraisal of symptom profiles, pathogenesis and functional tests of the wide array of DGBI.

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Fundamentals of Neurogastroenterology: Physiological Aspects and Clinical Implications

Abstract

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