Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Cardiometabolic Disease: Obesity, Hypertension, and Diabetes

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a strong risk factor for hypertension and diabetes.

• OSA is characterized by recurrent upper airway obstruction during sleep, leading to intermittent low oxygen levels and increased sympathetic activity.
• There is a robust association between OSA and cardiometabolic diseases, particularly in individuals who are obese.
• Clinical studies suggest that OSA may play a causal role in hypertension and glucose metabolism impairments, independent of excess weight.
• Women are frequently underdiagnosed and undertreated for OSA, potentially increasing their risk for cardiometabolic issues.
• Treatment of OSA with continuous positive airway pressure has been shown to reduce blood pressure in those with hypertension, though its effects on blood sugar control are less clear.
• Variability in treatment responses may be influenced by differences in OSA presentation and adherence to therapy among diverse populations.

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