PURPOSE: Conversion to neovascular disease in patients with non-neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) initiated on direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) compared with matched patients treated with warfarin.
DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study.
PARTICIPANTS: The study included 20 300 patients and 13 387 patients with non-neovascular AMD initiated on DOACs or warfarin, respectively, before propensity score matching (PSM).
METHODS: TriNetX was used to identify patients diagnosed with non-neovascular AMD stratified by treatment with DOACs or warfarin with at least 6 months of follow-up. Propensity score matching was performed to control for baseline demographics and medical comorbidities.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Relative risk (RR) of developing neovascular AMD, macular hemorrhage (MH), vitreous hemorrhage (VH), and requiring an ocular intervention (intravitreal anti-VEGF therapy or pars plana vitrectomy [PPV]) within 6 months and 1 year. Patients with chronic atrial fibrillation (AF) on anticoagulation were separately evaluated for the same measures within 5 years after initiating therapy.
RESULTS: Treatment with warfarin was associated with a higher risk of developing neovascular AMD at 6 months (RR, 1.24, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.12-1.39; P < 0.001) and 1 year (RR, 1.26, 95% CI, 1.14-1.40; P < 0.001) when compared with matched patients treated with DOACs. There was an increased risk of requiring intravitreal anti-VEGF therapy (6 months: RR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.13-1.49; P < 0.001; 1 year: RR, 1.31, 95% CI, 0.72-2.05; P < 0.001) and PPV (6 months: RR, 2.13; 95% CI, 1.16-3.94; P = 0.01; 1 year: RR, 2.29, 95% CI, 1.30-4.05; P = 0.003). Among patients with AMD and AF treated with warfarin, there was an increased risk of ocular complications (neovascular AMD: RR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.14-1.38; P < 0.001; MH: RR, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.47-2.35; P < 0.001; VH: RR, 2.22; 95% CI, 1.51-3.26; P < 0.001) and need for intravitreal anti-VEGF therapy (RR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.18-1.52; P < 0.001) over an extended 5-year period. There was no significant difference in the development of major systemic hemorrhagic events between the 2 cohorts over 5 years.
CONCLUSIONS: Patients with non-neovascular AMD treated with warfarin were more likely to develop neovascular disease and require ocular intervention for hemorrhagic complications when compared with matched patients initiated on DOACs.
FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S): Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references.
