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Dysregulation of the orexin–leptin–ghrelin axis and its associations with chronotype and sleep disturbances in drug-naïve children with ADHD
Imbalance of hunger and wakefulness hormones linked to sleep problems and daily rhythms in untreated children with ADHD
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Abstract
Children with ADHD exhibited substantially higher eveningness chronotype and sleep disturbances compared to healthy controls.
- Forty-five drug-naïve ADHD patients were compared with 45 healthy controls in terms of chronotype and sleep habits.
- ADHD children reported significantly increased bedtime resistance, sleep onset delay, night wakings, and daytime sleepiness (all p < 0.001).
- Serum levels of orexin-A, orexin-B, and leptin were significantly lower in the ADHD group (p < 0.001 for orexin-A; p = 0.039 for orexin-B; p = 0.012 for leptin).
- Conversely, serum ghrelin levels were significantly higher in ADHD children (p < 0.001).
- Ghrelin levels were positively associated with attention deficit scores, chronotype scores, and total sleep disturbance scores (all p < 0.01).
- Orexin-A/B and leptin levels were negatively correlated with attention deficit scores, chronotype scores, and sleep disturbances (all p < 0.05).
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