INTRODUCTION: Synaptic spine loss in Alzheimer's disease (AD) contributes to cognitive decline. p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1), a regulator of spine integrity, is aberrantly activated in AD. We investigated whether PAK1 inhibition might preserve dendritic spines in vitro and in vivo.
METHODS: Oligomeric amyloid beta (oAβ) or tau (oTau) were applied to hippocampal neurons ± NVS-PAK1-1, a selective PAK1 inhibitor. NVS-PAK1-1 was orally administered to 5xFAD mice. The effects of NVS-PAK1-1 treatment on PAK1 activity, spine density, and the proteome were assessed using phospho-PAK1 (pPAK1) western blotting, Golgi staining, and mass spectrometry for proteomic analyses.
RESULTS: NVS-PAK1-1 prevented oAβ and oTau-induced spine loss in vitro. In 5xFAD mice, NVS-PAK1-1 demonstrated brain exposure after oral administration and reduced PAK1 activation, prevented spine loss, and partially normalized synaptic proteomic signatures in females in absence of alterations in brain or plasma Aβ.
DISCUSSION: PAK1 inhibition enhances spine resilience in AD models, supporting its therapeutic potential.
HIGHLIGHTS: p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1) inhibitors prevent oligomeric amyloid beta (oAβ) and oligomeric tau-induced spine loss and dendritic degeneration in cultured mouse hippocampal neurons. NVS-PAK1-1, a selective PAK1 inhibitor, protects against oAβ-induced spine loss in a dose-dependent manner (EC = 2 nM). Oral administration of NVS-PAK1-1 achieves brain penetration and bioavailability in normal CD-1 mice, and target engagement in 5xFAD mice. Chronic NVS-PAK1-1 treatment mitigates spine loss in the somatosensory cortex of 6-month-old 5xFAD female mice. Chronic treatment with NVS-PAK1-1 restores proteomic abundance of actin cytoskeleton and dendritic spine-associated proteins, including cofilin 2 and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinases, downstream of PAK1 in young 5xFAD female mice showing spine resilience. Clinical oncology trials with other PAK1 inhibitors support potential repurposing or novel compound development for Alzheimer's disease trials. 50
