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Abstract
Dysbiosis has been consistently observed in individuals with Parkinson's disease, characterized by reductions in beneficial bacteria and increases in pro-inflammatory species.
- Alterations in gut microbial composition may contribute to increased intestinal permeability and systemic inflammation.
- Heightened neuroinflammatory responses are associated with α-synuclein misfolding and dopaminergic degeneration.
- Microbial metabolites, such as lipopolysaccharides and amyloid proteins, could promote neurodegeneration through immune and molecular mimicry pathways.
- The microbiota-gut-brain axis may influence a range of Parkinson's disease symptoms, including motor deficits and non-motor features like depression and cognitive decline.
- Several microbiota-modulating interventions have shown neuroprotective potential, although variability and methodological differences complicate understanding.
- The gut microbiome may serve as a non-invasive biomarker for early Parkinson's disease detection, but standardization issues persist.
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