Psychedelics and Hallucinogens in Psychiatry: Finding New Pharmacological Targets

Dec 2, 2021Current topics in medicinal chemistry

Psychedelic Drugs in Psychiatry: Identifying New Medication Targets

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Abstract

Psychedelics such as psilocybin and LSD show promise in treating depression and anxiety disorders based on existing evidence.

Ayahuasca and DMT, along with psilocybin and LSD, have demonstrated effectiveness in alleviating symptoms of depression.
Psilocybin and LSD have led to symptomatic improvements in anxious patients in randomized controlled trials.
In a small sample, psilocybin reduced scores on the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale for obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Evidence regarding psychedelics for substance use disorders is limited, but suggests a potential role for LSD and psilocybin in alcohol and tobacco addiction.
These substances appear to be safe and well-tolerated in clinical settings, though their mechanisms of action remain unclear.

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BACKGROUND: The therapeutic options for neurobehavioral disorders are still limited, and in many cases, they lack a satisfactory balance between efficacy and side effects.

OBJECTIVES: This work aims to review current evidence regarding the potential contribution of psychedelics and hallucinogens to the discovery of new drugs for treating different psychiatric disorders.

DISCUSSION: Ayahuasca/N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and psilocybin have evidence supporting their use in depression, and psilocybin and ayahuasca have also shown good results in treatment-resistant depression. In randomized controlled trials (RCTs) conducted with anxious patients, there were symptomatic improvements with psilocybin and LSD. Psilocybin diminished Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) scores in a small obsessive- compulsive disorder (OCD) sample. The evidence is less robust regarding substance use disorders, but it suggests a possible role for LSD and psilocybin in alcohol use disorders and for psilocybin in tobacco addiction. In a clinical setting, these substances seem to be safe and well-tolerated. Their mechanisms of action are not fully elucidated, but there seems to be a preponderant role of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) 2A agonism, as well as connectivity changes within the default mode network (DMN) and amygdala and some other molecular modifications.

CONCLUSION: The studies underlying the conclusions have small samples and are heterogeneous in their methods. However, the results suggest that the use of psychedelics and hallucinogens could be considered in some disorders. More studies are needed to reinforce their evidence as potential new drugs.

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Psychedelics and Hallucinogens in Psychiatry: Finding New Pharmacological Targets

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