Pulmonary drug delivery devices and nanosystems as potential treatment strategies for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

May 2, 2024International journal of pharmaceutics

Using inhaled drug devices and tiny particles as possible treatments for severe lung failure (ARDS)

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Abstract

Nanoparticles smaller than 0.5 μm may effectively deliver drugs directly to the alveoli in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).

Aerosol-based drug delivery can bypass the hepatic first-pass effect, enhancing drug bioavailability.
Current challenges in treating ARDS include lung injury, fluid accumulation, and inflammation.
Colloidal systems that are aerosolized or inhaled can facilitate effective drug distribution to deeper pulmonary tissues.
Nanoparticle carriers may improve targeted and controlled delivery of therapeutics for ARDS.
The review examines the potential advantages and limitations of nanosystems for treating ARDS compared to conventional systems.

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Despite advances in drug delivery technologies, treating acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is challenging due to pathophysiological barriers such as lung injury, oedema fluid build-up, and lung inflammation. Active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) can be delivered directly to the lung site of action with the use of aerosol-based drug delivery devices, and this circumvents the hepatic first-pass effect and improves the bioavailability of drugs. This review discusses the various challenges and barriers for pulmonary drug delivery, current interventions for delivery, considerations for effective drug delivery, and the use of nanoparticle drug delivery carriers as potential strategies for delivering therapeutics in ARDS. Nanosystems have the added benefit of entrapping drugs, increase pulmonary drug bioavailability, and using biocompatible and biodegradable excipients that can facilitate targeted and/or controlled delivery. These systems provide an alternative to existing conventional systems. An effective way to deliver drugs for the treatment of ARDS can be by using colloidal systems that are aerosolized or inhaled. Drug distribution to the deeper pulmonary tissues is necessary due to the significant endothelial cell destruction that is prevalent in ARDS. The particle size of nanoparticles (<0.5 μm) makes them ideal candidates for treating ARDS as they can reach the alveoli. A look into the various potential benefits and limitations of nanosystems used for other lung disorders is also considered to indicate how they may be useful for the potential treatment of ARDS.

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