An integrated space-to-ground quantum communication network over 4,600 kilometres

Jan 7, 2021Nature

A combined space and ground quantum communication network spanning 4,600 kilometers

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Abstract

An integrated space-to-ground quantum communication network achieves an average secret-key rate of 47.8 kilobits per second during typical satellite passes.

The network combines over 700 fibre quantum key distribution (QKD) links with two high-speed satellite-to-ground free-space QKD links.
Ground fibre network coverage exceeds 2,000 kilometres, offering practical security and long-term reliability against device imperfections.
Channel loss for satellite-to-ground QKD is on par with that between geostationary satellites and the ground.
The integration of fibre and free-space QKD links extends network communication capability to a remote node more than 2,600 kilometres away.
The overall QKD network enables communication between any users across distances of up to 4,600 kilometres.

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Quantum key distribution (QKD)has the potential to enable secure communication and information transfer. In the laboratory, the feasibility of point-to-point QKD is evident from the early proof-of-concept demonstration in the laboratory over 32 centimetres; this distance was later extended to the 100-kilometre scalewith decoy-state QKD and more recently to the 500-kilometre scalewith measurement-device-independent QKD. Several small-scale QKD networks have also been tested outside the laboratory. However, a global QKD network requires a practically (not just theoretically) secure and reliable QKD network that can be used by a large number of users distributed over a wide area. Quantum repeaterscould in principle provide a viable option for such a global network, but they cannot be deployed using current technology. Here we demonstrate an integrated space-to-ground quantum communication network that combines a large-scale fibre network of more than 700 fibre QKD links and two high-speed satellite-to-ground free-space QKD links. Using a trusted relay structure, the fibre network on the ground covers more than 2,000 kilometres, provides practical security against the imperfections of realistic devices, and maintains long-term reliability and stability. The satellite-to-ground QKD achieves an average secret-key rate of 47.8 kilobits per second for a typical satellite pass-more than 40 times higher than achieved previously. Moreover, its channel loss is comparable to that between a geostationary satellite and the ground, making the construction of more versatile and ultralong quantum links via geosynchronous satellites feasible. Finally, by integrating the fibre and free-space QKD links, the QKD network is extended to a remote node more than 2,600 kilometres away, enabling any user in the network to communicate with any other, up to a total distance of 4,600 kilometres. 1,2 3 4 5,6 7-10 11-14 15 16,17 18

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An integrated space-to-ground quantum communication network over 4,600 kilometres

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