Seasonal changes in the transcriptome of bat eyes reveal adaptive changes to exploit summer twilight

Jun 2, 2026Physiological genomics

Seasonal changes in bat eye gene activity show adaptations for using summer twilight

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Abstract

A total of 44 wild-caught Mexican free-tailed bats were analyzed for seasonal changes in gene expression in their eyes.

17.8% of genes exhibited significant changes in expression linked to seasonal variation, while 11.5% showed differences related to daily cycles.
Gene networks associated with the circadian clock, light detection, and metabolism demonstrated notable seasonal rhythmicity.
Quantum catch modeling suggested increased ability to capture light in summer due to changes in opsin expression, indicating an adaptation to lower twilight light conditions.
Seasonal remodeling of gene expression in the eyes may enhance the bats' vision during the summer months.

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Sensory systems of many organisms display periodic adjustments to accommodate cyclical changes in the local environmental conditions. Seasonal fluctuations in visual perception are documented in many species, including humans, but the mechanisms and ecological significance of these adaptations often remain obscure. Despite limited knowledge of bat visual ecology relative to hearing, the diversity of bat species makes them useful models for studying sensory adaptation mechanisms. Here we analyze daily and seasonal changes in gene expression in the eyes of a temperate echolocating bat, the Mexican free-tailed bat (). A total of 44 wild-caught bats were sampled from the same location across all four seasons, with whole eyes sequenced for total mRNA expression. Expression patterns were analyzed using differential expression analysis and clustering techniques for identifying correlation networks and evidence of cyclical enrichment. Additionally, a target gene list representing key physiological processes was applied to assess which biological pathways displayed the most robust seasonal or daily changes. 17.8% of genes showed significant differential expression based on season, compared to 11.5% of genes for daily expression. Several gene networks related to the circadian clock, phototransduction, and metabolic function displayed significant rhythmic seasonal effects. Quantum catch modeling indicates higher photon capture potential in summer based on weighted opsin expression, consistent with an adaptive response to lower twilight irradiance. Seasonal remodeling of the ocular transcriptome is consistent with enhanced phototransduction in summer, suggesting vision may play a greater role during this period. Tadarida brasiliensis

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Seasonal changes in the transcriptome of bat eyes reveal adaptive changes to exploit summer twilight

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